人類行為生物學：正常跟不正常的線，畫在哪裡？｜Stanford 公開課｜BIO150｜下集

00:00 開場：正常跟不正常的線，畫在哪裡 01:22 Robert Sapolsky（Stanford）：兩堆巧克力，知道規則卻做不到 02:39 Sapolsky：Phineas Gage 與法庭上的「知不知道對錯」 04:32 Sapolsky：同樣的額葉損傷，兩種人生 05:47 Sapolsky：額葉二十五歲左右才成熟 07:39 Sapolsky：睪固酮調的是音量，不是開關 10:05 Sapolsky：攻擊不會越存越多，文化怎麼調它 14:15 Sapolsky：誰算自己人，戰壕裡長出來的合作 18:47 Sapolsky：時鐘跟雲，零件解釋不了的系統 21:58 Sapolsky：蝴蝶效應與螞蟻的湧現 26:47 Sapolsky：天生的語言準備與尼加拉瓜手語 30:50 Sapolsky：思覺失調症，正常的線誰來畫 34:57 Sapolsky：不是他，是他的病｜最後一堂課 大家好，我是 Jim，這裡是 AI Notebook。這一集是史丹佛大學公開課，人類行為生物學的下集，也是這個系列的最後一集。講台上還是生物學家 Robert Sapolsky，這次上第 18 到第 25 堂，第 25 堂就是整門課的最後一堂。三集一路在問同一個問題，你以為的天生，有多少是環境造成的？上集的答案是，基因很少直接下命令，它說的多半是，如果怎樣，就怎樣。中集的答案是，你生氣、害怕、心動的那一秒，多半沒有誰在下命令，天生給的是怎麼做，什麼時候做，對誰做，是情境跟經驗調出來的。下集要把這個問題，帶到最難回答的地方。 📎 資料來源 • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 18: Aggression II（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLE71i4JJiM • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 19: Aggression III（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtVfoIkVSu8 • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 20: Aggression IV（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqP4_4kr7-0 • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 21: Chaos and Reductionism（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_njf8jwEGRo • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 22: Emergence and Complexity（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_ZuWbX-CyE • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 23: Language（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIOQgY1tqrU • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 24: Schizophrenia（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEnklxGAmak • Stanford BIO 150 Lecture 25: Individual Differences（Robert Sapolsky） https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PpDq1WUtAw • Stanford — Human Behavioral Biology（Robert Sapolsky，課程完整播放清單） https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL848F2368C90DDC3D • Macmillan & Lena (2010) Rehabilitating Phineas Gage. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011003760527 • M'Naghten rules（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Naghten_rules • Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/551/ • Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle & Schwarz (1996) Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor. J Pers Soc Psychol https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.945 • Greene & Paxton (2009) Patterns of neural activity associated with honest and dishonest moral decisions. PNAS https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900152106 • Wheeler & Fiske (2005) Controlling racial prejudice: social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychological Science https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00780.x • Live and let live（第一次世界大戰，維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_let_live_(World_War_I) • Christmas truce（1914 年聖誕節停火，維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce • Sapolsky & Balt (1996) Reductionism and variability in data: a meta-analysis. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1996.0057 • Quiroga et al. (2005) Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03687 • Nicaraguan Sign Language（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language • Terrace et al. (1979) Can an ape create a sentence? Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.504995 • Pica, Lemer, Izard & Dehaene (2004) Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102085 • Hilker et al. (2018) Heritability of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum based on the nationwide Danish twin register. Biological Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.017 • Susser & Lin (1992) Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120071010 • St Clair et al. (2005) Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959–1961. JAMA https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.557 • Huntington's disease（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease • Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_Defense_Reform_Act • Galvan et al. (2006) Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J Neurosci https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1062-06.2006 • Hair, Hanson, Wolfe & Pollak (2022) Low household income and neurodevelopment from infancy through adolescence. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262607 • Bushman & Cooper (1990) Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review. Psychological Bulletin https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341 • Virgin & Sapolsky (1997) Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among low-ranking baboons. Am J Primatol https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9108969/ • John B. Calhoun（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Calhoun • Konrad Lorenz（維基百科） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz • Rand & Epstein (2014) Risking your life without a second thought: intuitive decision-making and extreme altruism. PLOS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/jou