人類行為簡史：天生還是後天，科學吵了兩百年｜簡史系列

00:00 開場：天生還是後天，科學吵了兩百年 01:33 Gall（1800）：顱相學，摸頭骨讀個性 03:32 Phineas Gage（1848）：一根鐵棍與額葉 05:26 Broca 與 Darwin：大腦分工、表情與演化 07:26 Galton 到 Buck v. Bell：優生學走進法律 10:10 Moniz 與 H.M.：腦白質切除術、記憶與學習 12:52 Pavlov、Watson、Skinner：行為是學來的 15:20 Lorenz、Tinbergen、von Frisch：動物行為學與四個問題 17:58 Harlow 與雙胞胎研究：依附與遺傳率 19:38 身高與 Lewontin 的種子：遺傳率最常被誤會的地方 23:11 Loewi 到血清素：行為的化學 25:49 MAOA 與表觀遺傳：基因要放在環境裡 29:15 青少年大腦、Roper 案與自由意志 大家好，我是 Jim，這裡是 AI Notebook。這裡是簡史系列，每一集用一條線，把一段歷史從頭走一遍。這一集，我們走人類用生物學解釋行為的兩百年。一個人為什麼會那樣做？是天生的，還是後天養成的？從摸頭骨讀個性的顱相學，到大腦分工、條件反射、動物的本能、雙胞胎研究、血清素和基因，科學家一步一步把原因從一個人的性格，放進他的身體裡。這些發現幫助過很多人，也曾經被拿來替別人做決定，優生學和腦白質切除術就是這樣來的。最後我們回到一個更私人的問題，一個人做的事，有多少是他自己決定的？ 這一集也接著頻道上的 Stanford 公開課「人類行為生物學」（Robert Sapolsky 主講）系列，課堂上 Sapolsky 一直在用的那條時間軸，在這一集的後段會再出現一次。上集 https://youtu.be/3eZAYm8Di48 📎 資料來源 • Macmillan & Lena (2010), Neuropsychological Rehabilitation https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20480430/ • Phineas Gage（Wikipedia） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage • Darwin Correspondence Project — Expression of the emotions https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions • Cornell LII — Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927) https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/274/200 • USHMM — The Biological State: Nazi Racial Hygiene, 1933–1939 https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-biological-state-nazi-racial-hygiene-1933-1939 • Riksdagen — Lag (1999:332) om ersättning till steriliserade i vissa fall https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-1999332-om-ersattning-till-steriliserade-i_sfs-1999-332 • NobelPrize.org — The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1949/summary/ • Henry Molaison（Wikipedia） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison • NobelPrize.org — The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1904/summary/ • Watson (1913), Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/views.htm • NobelPrize.org — The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1973/summary/ • Harlow (1958), The Nature of Love https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Harlow/love.htm • Bouchard et al. (1990), Science https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2218526/ • Polderman et al. (2015), Nature Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3285 • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Heritability https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heritability/ • NCD-RisC (2016), eLife https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410 • New York Review of Books — Against 'Sociobiology' https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1975/11/13/against-sociobiology/ • NobelPrize.org — The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1936/summary/ • López-Muñoz et al. (2005), Annals of Clinical Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1080/10401230591002002 • PBS Frontline — Excerpt from Out of the Shadows https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/asylums/special/excerpt.html • Moncrieff et al. (2022), Molecular Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0 • Cipriani et al. (2018), The Lancet https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7 • Brunner et al. (1993), Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8211186 • Caspi et al. (2002), Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072290 • Gibbons (2004), Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5672.818a • Merriman & Cameron (2007), New Zealand Medical Journal https://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/risk-taking-behind-the-warrior-gene-story • Forzano et al. (2010), European Journal of Human Genetics https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987314/ • Byrd & Manuck (2014), Biological Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.004 • Weaver et al. (2004), Nature Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276 • Heijmans et al. (2008), PNAS https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105 • Heard & Martienssen (2014), Cell https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.045 • Giedd et al. (1999), Nature Neuroscience https://doi.org/10.1038/13158 • Gogtay et al. (2004), PNAS https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101 • Somerville (2016), Neuron https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.059 • Cornell LII — Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-633.ZO.html • Cornell LII — Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010) https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-7412.ZO.html • UNICEF — Convention on the Rights of the Child https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text • Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst（Wikipedia） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behave:_The_Biology_of_Humans_at_Our_Best_and_Worst • Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will（Wikipedia） https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determined:_A_Science_of_Life_Without_Free_Will --- Jim AI Notebook | Note the Future 每日深度解析 AI 最新進展 #人類行為簡史 #簡史系列 #人類行為生物學 #行為科學 #神經科學 #演化 #動物行為學 #行為主義 #遺傳率 #雙胞胎研究 #優生學 #表觀遺傳 #自由意志 #Sapolsky #JimAINotebook